翻开造车利润的底牌
作者:CCGPNET 发布于:2003-12-15 16:18:00 来源:http://www.caigou2003.com
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<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-top:0cm;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:1.0gd;
margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:19.85pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list 18.0pt><![if !supportLists]><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体>●<span
style=font:7.0pt "Times New Roman">
</span></span><![endif]><span style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman">韩</span><span style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt> </span><span style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman">彦</span><span lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:
12.0pt><o
:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">日前,笔者在采访一位在汽车业内颇有身份的人士时,他无意间向记者提起正在和朋友一起运作买断销售汽车的事情。紧接着,他非常神秘地问记者:“你猜一辆市场价格十一二万元的车的买断价格是多少?……只有</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>3</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">万多!”</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">为了证实这个让记者对耳朵产生怀疑的数字,他又补充道:“像</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>XXX</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">这样的轿车(某合资企业产品,市场价格</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>17</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">
;万元)如果买断,五六万元就可以拿到。”记者很快给一位这一车型的经销商朋友打通了电话,他几乎没怎么犹豫就答道:“如果是买断某个批号差不多可以拿到那样的价格,但我们这种代理制的经销商,每辆车只能赚</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>5000</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">~</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>10000</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">元。”</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">看来,这些数字在业内并不算高级机密。也就是说,有些品牌,在达到合理的生产规模后,其生产成本最少可低到市价的</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>30%</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">左右。不论怎样,买断正以一种意想不到的方式轻轻吹起造车成本的面纱。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><b><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bid
i-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">押注车型击穿成本</span></b><b><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">构成一款车的主要成本包括固定资产折旧和入门费的摊销、零配件采购、人工、能源等几部分。这些分子不变的情况下,一个简单的道理是分母越大,得出的成本越小。一汽大众总经理秦焕明对一辆</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>A</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">级车给出的规模年产量是</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>4</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">万辆,这与文章开头那位人士对他所提及的两款车的产能注释是一样的。也就是说,当产量达到</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>4</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">万辆以后,在整车生产厂及零配件供应商身上产生的规模效益才能发生叠加释放,使成本成倍下降,否则就会居高不下。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:
p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">而分子中还有一个重要的变量是零配件成本,它随着产量的大小及采购的方式而改变。在前不久对一汽大众的采访中,记者了解到,对于比整车更加劳动密集的零配件生产来说,本来中国企业应该有成本优势,但许多配件要达到年产百万件以上才产生明显的规模效益,因此目前在中国市场本土化采购的很多零配件成本还是比欧洲高。进口就更不划算,德国大众等跨国公司的办法是将配套企业引入中国,建立全球生产基地,发挥劳动力价格优势把成本降下来。 </span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">但是国内采购的成本真的那么高吗?像吉利这样的企业以最廉价的劳动力</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>+</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">零入门费的方式,推出一款款可以让众多饥渴盼望拥有汽车的都市平民买得起的家庭轿车,在市场上迅速达到了适当产销规模,从而使其在零配件采购方面的谈判地位不断提升,成本也降得比世界其他生产基地更低。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">当李书福造出只售</span&
gt;<span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>3</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">万元的轿车时,我们相信,李书福不仅不赔钱还有丰厚的利润可享。从这个案例我们或许可以窥探出其他更具影响力和规模的企业,其采购成本可以低到什么程度。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">但一汽大众还是不可能把一辆捷达的成本摊到三四万元,因为德国大众的研发中心会毫无商量地向他收取每款引进车型的入门费,上海大众或是上海通用的产品一样也做不到。另外,相对于后起之秀而言,这些老的汽车制造基地熟练工人的工资水平也相当高,据了解,一汽大众和上海大众的工人平均月工资都在</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>5000</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">元以上,而吉利、奇瑞等企业的劳动力成本则要小很多,相差</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>3</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">~</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>5</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-fo
nt-family:"Times New Roman">倍。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">不过就算没这么低,大众们的日子也不会太难过,当我们总是为大众在华的巨大投资担心不已时,高盛的报告却说其集团利润的</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>80%</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">来自中国市场。而大众全球总裁毕睿德先生所说的“德国大众及其中方伙伴在中国的投资计划没有任何风险”之语也多少流露出了利润的真相。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">在技术转让成本方面,一些后进入市场的跨国公司采取了比较灵活的手法,可以为了市场把它人为地消除掉。中国汽车技术研究中心汽车金融工程研究所所长王再祥告诉记者,据他推断,像现代、菲亚特这些企业,其成本领先的秘诀可能是将车型的技术转让费折抵投资额度,或为了抢占市场干脆放弃。对于这笔费用摊到一辆车的成本上究竟占多大比例这一绝对机密,业内人士的猜测不一,但一致的结论是“那是一笔不小的费用”。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;m
so-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">而另外一些国内汽车生产企业则通过低成本的自主研发彻底节省了最难摊销的这笔费用。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">由以上的调查分析,我们可以推断出有些车型的成本不是没可能低到文章开头的那种水平。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">但是天有不测风云,任何企业如果引进或推出的一款车在市场上不被认可,规模上不去,成本居高不下的事也有。一汽大众总经理秦焕明曾深有感触地对记者说:“造车企业如履薄冰,产出的一种车型如果不被市场认同就很难缓过劲来。”也就是说,单个成功车型的利润率也许很高,但对于子嗣众多的老企业来说,这并不表示整体利润率就会很高,一款车失败,就可能盈亏相抵。所以我们看到国资委公布的</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>1~10</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">月全国</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>14</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New&
nbsp;Roman">家重点汽车生产企业的利润与产值的比例不到</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt>8%</span><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">。</span><span
lang=EN-US style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><span
style=font-size:9.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman">因此,对于形成了规模效益的车型,企业也是不敢便宜卖的,除非他们现在暂时还没有包袱,而且你愿意大批量现金买断。</span><span
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<p class=MsoNormal style=margin-bottom:1.0gd;text-indent:19.85pt><b><span
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